Eric Dietrich, PharmD, BCPS
Rocaltrol dosages: 0.25 mcg
Rocaltrol packs: 30 caps, 60 caps, 90 caps, 120 caps, 180 caps, 270 caps, 360 caps
This nonselective nature of conventional membranes is another limitation to overcome medicine x protein powder rocaltrol 0.25 mcg order free shipping. One possible solution to this problem is the growth of basement membrane cells on the hemofilter membrane. Another approach is the design of "smart" membranes that have selective transport characteristics and that contain a predetermined number and size of nonpassive nanoengineered pores that have specific interactions with solutes and solvents at the atomic level. Complex systems including multiple sensor feedback with real-time response capability would be required for combined cell therapy to augment conventional uremic toxin clearance, to ensure proper cell maintenance within the cell therapy device and, concurrently, safe water/ electrolyte balance for the patient. Technological advances in batteries, efficiency of electrical components like pump motors and central processing units, should enable a wearable dialysis system with cell therapy in the relatively near future. Although research into the ideal implantable artificial kidney is ongoing, and many of the required technologies are in their infancy, this is a potentially promising future approach to renal replacement. Production and cytokine-mediated regulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 by human proximal tubular epithelial cells. Covalent immobilization of hirudin improves the haemocompatibility of polylactide-polyglycolide in vitro. Effects of different doses in continuous veno-venous haemofiltration on outcomes of acute renal failure: a prospective randomised trial. Effects of early high-volume continuous venovenous hemofiltration on survival and recovery of renal function in intensive care patients with acute renal failure: a prospective, randomized trial. Preformed confluent endothelial cell monolayers prevent early platelet deposition on vascular prostheses in baboons. Implantation of in vitro endothelialized polytetrafluoroethylene grafts in human beings. Inhibition of tissue factor-dependent and -independent coagulation by cell surface expression of novel anticoagulant fusion proteins. Implantation of vascular grafts lined with genetically modified endothelial cells. Bioartificial kidney alters cytokine response and hemodynamics in endotoxin-challenged uremic animals. Interleukin-6 predicts hypoalbuminemia, hypocholesterolemia, and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Therapeutic targeting of molecules involved in leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions. Leukocytes and endothelium interaction as rate limiting step in the inflammatory response and a key factor in the ischemia-reperfusion injury. Leukocyte depletion results in improved lung function and reduced inflammatory response after cardiac surgery.
Which condition results from damage to the left occipital lobe and the adjacent splenium Individuals with conduction aphasia cannot repeat what they have heard medications you can take while pregnant rocaltrol 0.25 mcg amex, but can name objects and follow verbal requests. Individuals with isolation aphasia can only repeat what they have heard, but cannot name objects or follow verbal requests. During the day following a stroke in his nondominant parietal lobe and adjacent corpus callosum, a 68-year-old man found that as he closed the buttons on his shirt with his right hand, his left hand would open them. When he was trying to eat, the left hand would also push away the fork that his right hand was holding. When one hand opposes the actions of the other, neurologists label the phenomenon intermanual conflict. This counterproductive activity, which is usually subconscious, is often a manifestation of a nondominant parietal and corpus callosum lesion. Which of the following problems is a lateral medullary infarction most likely to cause If a stroke weakens those structures, patients will have dysarthria; however, as with patients who have sustained infarctions in the pons or midbrain, patients with the lateral medullary syndrome will have no cognitive impairment. When neurologists qualify aphasia with the term "transcortical," what does the qualification indicate The most dramatic form of transcortical aphasia is isolation aphasia, in which patients deprived of all other language and cognitive function are only able to repeat. Sigmund Freud studied the neuroanatomy underlying language before he explored the potential for parapraxis (Freudian slips) to offer insights into the unconscious. Which of the following causes of major neurocognitive disorder is most closely associated with aphasia Aphasia may also complicate Alzheimer disease, but it is usually limited to anomic aphasia. A woman brings her 74-year-old father, from whom she has been estranged for 10 years, for an urgent evaluation after a neighbor called and told her that he suddenly became confused. The daughter had little information, but she said that her father probably had been developing dementia for years. When asked about the date and place, the patient offered incoherent answers and was unable to follow verbal requests or repeat simple phrases. Although sections of each of these tests might help detect dementia in the setting of aphasia, none would be reliable. Collateral history regarding his functional state before the onset of aphasia would be helpful. The policeman substituted his body part for the object that he should have been able to imagine. Ideational apraxia generally pertains to impairment in conceiving and executing a sequence of steps. Which of the following statements regarding children with developmental dyslexia is false
Diseases
No serious infections medications during childbirth rocaltrol 0.25 mcg buy amex, acute hyperglycemia, or hypoglycemia were associated with the treatment. The investigators concluded that Treg therapy in children was well tolerated and potentially efficacious. This demonstrates feasibility of multicenter study using a centralized manufacturing facility. This allowed monitoring of the persistence and stability of the infused Tregs in patients. Tregs peaked in the circulation during the first 2 weeks after infusion, declined to 25% of the peak level by 3 months after infusion and then stabilized. Importantly, all the deuterium signals were contained in the Treg population and never detected among conventional T cells, demonstrating the stability of the Treg product in patients. In comparison, the rate of spontaneous liver transplant tolerance is 15% at 2 years posttransplant. This encouraging result suggests that Treg infusion combined with a carefully selected immunosuppressive regimen can induce transplant tolerance in humans. Currently, no results have been reported using of Tregs in kidney transplant patients, but a number of trials are ongoing in the United States, European Union, and China. These trials began in 2014 to test the safety of regulatory cell therapy in kidney transplant recipients receiving standard immunosuppression. However, the potential benefits of this personalized cell therapy to decrease the medication side effect burden and prolong graft survival make this lengthy process worthwhile. Major challenges in designing clinical trials in transplantation are the required concurrent immunosuppression and the long follow-up period needed to observe potential improvement over the current standard of care. Therefore, sophisticated clinical trial designs by integrating knowledge of clinical transplantation and Treg biology are needed to expedite development in this field. Additionally, technological advancements in Treg manufacturing and quality control are also needed. By focusing on selectively promoting Tregs and refining the protocols involving their use, it is possible that transplant tolerance-the "holy grail" of transplant medicine-may finally be achieved. Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network and the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, Healthcare Systems Bureau, Division o. Regulatory T cell therapy for the induction of clinical organ transplantation tolerance. Biomarkers and possible mechanisms of operational tolerance in kidney transplant patients. A need for biomarkers of operational tolerance in liver and kidney transplantation. Mechanisms of donor-specific tolerance in recipients of haploidentical combined bone marrow/kidney transplantation.
For instance symptoms depression generic 0.25 mcg rocaltrol overnight delivery, N-acetyl-cysteine was studied as a renal protective agent when given to the donor98 or the recipient. However, strong clinical evidence is still lacking and none of these molecules should be recommended at the present time. While compression of the ureter does not seem relevant to postrenal kidney injury, direct compression of the kidney parenchyma, as it was demonstrated in ischemia-reperfusion models,105 certainly is an important contributor to renal failure. Pertek described three cases of posttransplant renal failure due to occult bleeding related retroperitoneal hematoma; evolution was excellent after abdominal decompression. Interestingly this procedure does not preclude biopsy procedure or imaging of the renal graft postoperatively. Actually, this procedure should be restricted to those patients with severe metabolic disorders such as hyperkalemia. Antithrombotic agents are not recommended for the prevention of graft thrombosis and bladder catheter should be removed as soon as possible, balancing the risk between infection and urinary leak. However, the authors propose to monitor adverse rate in each transplant center in order to help in the decision of catheter removal. Curiously, the guidelines do not approach the need for specific biologic monitoring or noninvasive techniques to assess graft functioning. Ultrasound may help diagnose vascular complications (arterial stenosis, arterial and venous thrombosis, pseudoaneurysm formation), urological complications (urinary obstruction and leaks), and collections. On top of avoiding usual nephrotoxic agents, patient care should include adequate maintenance of volume and hemodynamic status with fluid therapy with balanced solutions. There are no specific medications at the present time that might help graft function recovery, and, in case of persistent renal failure, adequate work-up with ultrasound, scintigraphic imaging, and measurement of the intraabdominal pressure may help the physician. Finally, care of the donor is of importance as it was demonstrated in 2015 that mild hypothermia in the donor might improve graft function after kidney transplantation. European Best Practice Guideline on kidney donor and recipient evaluation and perioperative care. Effects of hydroxyethyl starch and gelatin on renal function in severe sepsis: a multicenter randomized study. Effect of hydroxyethyl starch in brain-dead kidneys donors on renal function in kidney-transplant recipients. Long-term follow-up of transplanted kidneys according to volume expanders of kidney donors.
The wholesale slaughter of almost 4 million cattle halted the epidemic in Britain; however medicine 4 you pharma pvt ltd order 0.25 mcg rocaltrol free shipping, isolated animals with the disease have appeared in the United States, Canada, Japan, and Western Europe. Because elk and deer are not carnivorous, exchange of bodily fluids probably transmitted this illness. Among prion diseases affecting humans, kuru, characterized by dementia, tremulousness, dysarthria, and ataxia, plagued members of the Fore Tribe of New Guinea during the mid-20th century. Until Australian and American health officials discovered and stopped their cannibalism, tribe members, most often women and their children preparing ritual meals, evidently inoculated themselves with infected brain tissue. The health officials found that an asymptomatic incubation period was 4 years to 30 years, but once victims showed symptoms, they usually died within the year. Some spongiform encephalopathies appear to affect only individuals with a genetic susceptibility. Fatal familial insomnia is a sleep disorder that also depends on a genetic vulnerability. Victims were usually young adults (mean age 27 years) who developed psychiatric disturbances, then painful paresthesias, and lastly neurologic dysfunction. Dementia, accompanied in many cases by myoclonus and decorticate posture, eventually supervened. Its initial symptoms were largely psychiatric and unaccompanied by objective physical neurologic correlates. Lithium or bismuth intoxication or Hashimoto encephalopathy may produce myoclonus with dementia; however, these conditions usually cause more of a delirium than dementia, and all are readily diagnosable with specific blood tests. Paraneoplastic syndromes also might produce wasting, myoclonus, ataxia, and dementia (see Chapter 19). Lyme Disease Acute Lyme disease (neuroborreliosis), which involves the nervous system in less than 15% of cases, may cause facial palsy (cranial neuritis), headache, peripheral neuropathy or radiculopathy, meningitis, or encephalitis. Patients, much more often than physicians, attribute their symptoms to "chronic Lyme disease," implying persistence of the infection. Even if their titer were persistently positive, the persistence would be analogous to life-long abnormal serologies after successful syphilis treatment. Moreover, when Lyme tests are positive, the titers do not correlate with memory impairments. Confusing matters somewhat, because the infectious agent, Borrelia burgdorferi, is a spirochete as is T. Chronic Lyme disease patients often report that repeated courses of antibiotics or other nontraditional treatments reduce their symptoms, but large-scale studies do not support such claims. Some symptoms fall into the realm of depression or chronic fatigue syndrome (see Chapter 6).
Syndromes
Concerns about the effects of extracorporeal circulation on allograft function have also been raised medications available in mexico purchase rocaltrol 0.25 mcg with amex. Some small observational studies have demonstrated that cardiac surgery in renal transplant patients with stable allograft function is safe. There was a slight reduction in in-hospital mortality in patients who had tissue valves in comparison to nontissue valves, but there was no significant difference at 2 years. Prevention of cerebrovascular events should include risk factor modification, management of hypercholesterolemia and other comorbidities such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Variations in the risk for cerebrovascular events after kidney transplant compared with experience on the waiting list and after graft failure. Current guidelines indicate that risk stratification clinically and by noninvasive testing is reasonable in moderate- to high-risk patients. Clinical and echocardiographic disease in patients starting endstage renal disease therapy. Malyszko J, Bachorzewska-Gajewska H, Tomaszuk-Kazberuk A, Matuszkiewicz-Rowinska J, Durlik M, Dobrzycki S. European renal best practice guidelines on kidney donor and recipient evaluation and perioperative care. Assessment of cardiovascular risk during peritransplant period in renal transplant recipients. Cardiovascular risk assessment among potential kidney transplant candidates: approaches and controversies. The effect of coronary angiography on renal function in preemptive renal transplant candidates. Cardiac disease evaluation and management among kidney and liver transplantation candidates: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology Foundation. Clinical practice guidelines for managing dyslipidemias in kidney transplant patients: a report from the Managing Dyslipidemias in Chronic Kidney Disease Work Group of the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative. Effect of fluvastatin on cardiac outcomes in renal transplant recipients: a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Prevention of premature discontinuation of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery stents: a science advisory from the American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, American College of Surgeons, and American Dental Association, with representation from the American College of Physicians. Kidney transplantation halts cardiovascular disease progression in patients with end-stage renal disease. De novo congestive heart failure after kidney transplantation: a common condition with poor prognostic implications. The sixth report of the joint national committee of prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Quantifying effect of statins on low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis.
It is worthy of note medicine used to treat chlamydia discount rocaltrol 0.25 mcg mastercard, however, that this work started in the 1940s and that there are serious discussions even today just how much progress in terms of patient outcomes has been seen since then. As discussed by Himmelfarb and Ikizler,63 there are many factors that influence dialysis performance in relation to the total amount of solute and fluid removal, and the prescription for treatment of a patient should be based on the need to integrate these separate components. These relate to the treatment time and frequency, the rates of blood flow, dialysate flow and ultrafiltration, the dialysis composition (including water purity) and dialyzer details including configuration, membrane materials and their permeability. In addition, factors relating to vascular access and anticoagulation and interdialytic medication play significant roles in terms of overall performance. As noted earlier, kidney function relies upon both glomerular and tubular function, but these involve quite different molecular mechanisms. The bulk of the water reabsorbed by the kidney is devoted to the concentration of urea. Evidence now suggests that the urea is actively secreted in the pars recta of the proximal tubule and that this involves specific urea transporters, including glucagon, which is involved in the regulation of glucose levels. A series of intracellular events, including the activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, disturbance of mitochondrial function, and competition with metabolizing enzymes, are involved with the accumulation of such compounds, which have to be dealt with during these clearance processes. These few examples clearly demonstrate the difficulty of dealing with the range of uremic toxins with machine-based systems. Moreover, it is fair to say that the mechanisms by which urine is concentrated remain incompletely understood and is not satisfactorily simulated by the most sophisticated mathematical models yet developed. Although it is capable of removing excess water and small size uremic toxins of less than 500 Dalton molecular weight, it cannot remove middle and large size molecules and protein-bound molecules. Thus patients suffer from the problems of increasing accumulation of harmful substances, including 2-microglobulin and a variety of proinflammatory cytokines and vasoactive molecules. This accumulation leads to a high rate of cardiovascular problems, with increasing morbidity and mortality; also there are frequent intradialysis complications such as hypotension and fatigue. Under these conditions, there is no water transfer through the membrane, which may be problematic in view of the potential adverse effects of fluid accumulation. Membranes are characterized by the coefficient of ultrafiltration, Kuf, the amount of fluid crossing the membrane per unit of time and pressure. The semipermeable membrane is one of the most important hardware components of this engineering structure, but the membrane materials themselves are rarely discussed.
Murray and his team and to Edith Helm and her family medications you cannot crush purchase rocaltrol 0.25 mcg without prescription, whose courage in the absence of knowing the background risks, has helped to forge a whole new generation. Laboratory check (complete blood count; biochemistry; serum creatinine; creatinine clearance; urinalysis and culture; proteinuria; immunosuppressant blood levels) -as required in individual patients - monthly until 32 weeks - every 2 weeks after 32 weeks 2. Inhibition of Rho-kinase improves erectile function, increases nitric oxide signaling and decreases penile apoptosis in a rat model of cavernous nerve injury. Sexuality, an important component of the quality of life of the kidney transplant recipient. Oral and transdermal hormonal contraception in women after kidney transplantation. Assessment of female sexual function and quality of life in predialysis, peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, and renal transplant patients. Effect of pregnancy on long-term kidney function in renal transplant recipients treated with cyclosporine and with azathioprine. The experience of pregnancy after renal transplantation: pregnancies even within postoperative 1 year may be tolerable. Pregnancy outcomes in kidney transplant recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Risk of pre-eclampsia in first and subsequent pregnancies: prospective cohort study. Pregnancy after renal transplantation: a review of registry and single-center practices and outcomes. Pregnancy after kidney transplantation: outcome and anti-human leucocyte antigen alloimmunization risk. Proceedings from an international consensus meeting on posttransplantation diabetes mellitus: recommendations and future directions. Tacrolimus-induced diabetes in rats courses with suppressed insulin gene expression in pancreatic islets. Effect of maternal diabetes on the embryo, fetus, and children: congenital anomalies, genetic and epigenetic changes and developmental outcomes. Urinary tract infection and kidney transplantation: a review of diagnosis, causes, and current clinical approach. Mother-to-child transmission of cytomegalovirus and prevention of congenital infection. Safety considerations when prescribing immunosuppression medication to pregnant women. Tacrolimus-induced encephalopathy and polyneuropathy in a renal transplant recipient. Reviewing the evidence for mycophenolate mofetil as a new teratogen: case report and review of the literature. A case of coloboma in a newborn to a woman taking mycophenolate mofetil in pregnancy after kidney transplantation.
In other adults medicine during pregnancy order rocaltrol 0.25 mcg with amex, polymyositis may be a manifestation of inflammatory diseases, such as polymyalgia rheumatica and polyarteritis nodosa. A Trichinella infection of muscles, trichinosis, causes an infectious rather than a purely inflammatory myopathy. Thus, in the United States, hunters and recent immigrants from South and Central America are most liable to have ingested Trichinella and develop the characteristic muscle pains, fevers, and heliotrope rash. The eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome, more of a toxic than an inflammatory disorder, results from ingesting tryptophan or tryptophan-containing products, which are usually taken by insomniacs and health-food devotees. The eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome usually consists of several days of severe myalgias and a markedly elevated number and proportion of eosinophils in the blood. Patients often suffer from fatigue, rash, neuropathy, and cardiopulmonary impairments as well as from myalgias. More than half the patients with eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome display mild depressive symptoms that cannot be correlated with their physical impairments, eosinophil concentration, or concurrent psychiatric disorders. Physicians may mislabel these patients as having chronic fatigue syndrome because of their variable symptoms and, except for the eosinophilia, lack of objective findings. In these cases, muscle biopsies often disclose abnormalities in mitochondria and withdrawing the offending medicine usually leads to at least partial improvement. For example, prolonged steroid treatment frequently produces proximal muscle weakness and wasting (steroid myopathy). It also causes a round face, acne, and an obese body with spindly limbs ("cushingoid" appearance). Testosterone and other anabolic steroids, when taken in conjunction with exercising, can increase muscle size and strength. Athletes and body-builders use this regimen to enhance their power and appearance. While deriving obvious benefits from the steroids these individuals risk steroid myopathy, frequent depression, and occasionally steroid psychosis. An example of the delicate nature of muscle metabolism being notably independent of cerebral metabolism is that a low serum potassium concentration (hypokalemia) leads to profound weakness, hypokalemic myopathy, and cardiac arrhythmias, but not to mental status changes. Hypokalemic myopathy is often an iatrogenic condition caused by administration of diuretics or steroids, which are sometimes surreptitiously self-administered. Psychiatrists are apt to encounter hypokalemia in patients with laxative abuse or alcoholic cirrhosis. In contrast to hypokalemia, hyponatremia (sodium depletion) causes confusion, agitation, stupor, and seizures. A different disorder involving potassium metabolism is hypokalemic periodic paralysis, in which patients have dramatic attacks, lasting several hours to 2 days, of areflexic quadriparesis. During attacks of hypokalemia, patients remain alert and fully cognizant, breathing normally, and purposefully moving their eyes despite the widespread areflexic paralysis. Although attacks resemble sleep paralysis and cataplexy (see Chapter 17), they are differentiated by a longer duration and hypokalemia.
Many investigators have reported on the use of cell-based therapy with stem cells for kidney diseases medications diabetic neuropathy rocaltrol 0.25 mcg sale. However, the regeneration of a functional kidney that would have appropriate renal functions such as the production of urine, erythropoietin (Epo), and renin remains challenging. The pronephros-like unit transplantation partially corrected the edema, and improved survival in bilaterally nephrectomized tadpoles. Although the pronephros is too primitive for any clinical application in humans, several investigations have reported that the metanephroi in embryonic kidney can be used as a source for a transplantable functional kidney. Furthermore, recent studies12,13 revealed that single-cell suspensions of embryonic kidney have the capacity of self-organization in vitro into renal tissue composed of glomeruli and renal tubles. Moreover, the ethical problems associated with the use of xenoembryo remain unresolved. Therefore, we attempt to manipulate embryos obtained from suicide gene-inducible animals17 or kidney-deficient animals to avoid generating chimeric tissue. Moreover, the use of this technique in a larger animal, such as pig,1 remains challenging, as the metanephroi transplanted from larger animals into the omentum of smaller recipients grow larger as compared to those transplanted from a similar sized animal. The use of xenoembryos for kidney reconstruction is associated with certain ethical issues and may result in a chimeric structure. So the application of embryonic organ transplantation to kidney regeneration may be particularly difficult. Nevertheless, these strategies represent promising methods for functional kidney reconstruction de novo. We are confident that further research will obtain solutions for these problems and enable the regeneration of kidneys in the near future. A model system for organ engineering: transplantation of in vitro induced embryonic kidney. The effect of metanephros transplantation on blood pressure in anephric rats with induced acute hypotension. Increasing renal mass improves survival in anephric rats following metanephros transplantation. Directing human embryonic stem cell differentiation towards a renal lineage generates a selforganizing kidney. Xenotransplanted embryonic kidney provides a niche for endogenous mesenchymal stem cell differentiation into erythropoietin-producing tissue. Human mesenchymal stem cells in rodent whole-embryo culture are reprogrammed to contribute to kidney tissues.
Yasmin, 60 years: Withbulbar nerve injury (bulbar palsy) lower motor neuron injury the palatehaslittle,no,orasymmetricmovement. The membrane is typically a microporous synthetic polymer arranged as hollow fibers. Of note, there is no evidence of any additional podocyte recruitment during adulthood, which indicates that parietal epithelial cells only serve as podocyte progenitors during fetal development and childhood growth, and following acute podocyte ablation. The detrimental effects of developing diabetes in transplant recipients are not confined only to cardiovascular morbidity, as the development of posttransplant diabetes contributes to reduced graft function and survival, and lower patient survival as well.
Asam, 37 years: Effect of living-related donor bone marrow infusion on chimerism and in vitro immunoregulatory activity in kidney transplant recipients. When deprived of vision and joint position sense, people must rely on vestibular input. When associated with any cancer, neurologists consider LambertEaton a paraneoplastic syndrome (see Chapter 19). To measure incremental cell growth and tissue maturation, the authors developed a method for monitoring tissue development noninvasively via soluble proteins released from cells and by sensors that measure physical parameters such as perfusion pressure.
Ben, 56 years: Although this syndrome is almost synonymous with coffee deprivation, withdrawal of other caffeine-containing beverages or caffeine-containing medications can precipitate it (see Chapter 17). Risk Factors and Genetic Causes Researchers have established several risk factors for Alzheimer disease. In contrast to developmental dyslexia, acquired dyslexia is usually a component of aphasia. In contrast, because the venous drainage communicates within the kidney, small accessory renal veins may be tied off.
Mezir, 65 years: CreutzfeldtJakob disease nevertheless serves as the primary example of a prion infection causing a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy. Pluripotent stem cells as a potential tool for disease modelling and cell therapy in diabetes. These interactions thus represent innovative points of regulation for models of acute rejection and tolerance (Table 53. The force from the curl flux leads the kinetic paths of the system deviating from the steepest descent gradient.
Seruk, 38 years: Flow cytometric and Luminex screening studies demonstrate the absence of antigen presentation and T cell activation. During embryo development, the zygote (blue marble) starts to differentiate and pluripotent stem cells are formed. Persistence of tolerance towards donor-type antigens after temporary chimerism in rats. Hyperacute rejection of kidney allografts associated with pre-existing humoral antibody against donor cells.
References